An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
photometry
  شید-سنجی، نور-سنجی   
šidsanji, nursanji

Fr.: photométrie   

In astronomy, the measurement of the light of astronomical objects, generally in the visible or infrared bands, in which a wavelength band is normally specified.

photo- + → -metry.

photomultiplier
  شید-بستاگر، نور-بستاگر   
šid-bastâgar, nur-bastâgar

Fr.: photomultiplicateur   

Electronic tube which converts photons into electrons, multiplies the electrons via a series of electrodes, and produces a measurable current from a very small input signal.

photo- + → multiplier.

photon
  فوتون   
foton (#)

Fr.: photon   

The → quantum of the → electromagnetic field, which mediates the interaction between charged particles. It is the mass-less → boson with zero → electric charge, which propagates with the → speed of light in vacuum. The energy of a photon is connected to its → frequency ν, through the formula E = hν, where h is → Planck's constant.

From phot-, variant of → photo- before a vowel + → -on a suffix used in the names of subatomic particles (gluon; meson; neutron), quanta (photon, graviton), and other minimal entities or components. The term photon was coined by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926 in a letter to the editor of Nature magazine (Vol. 118, Part 2, December 18, page 874).

photon escape time
  زمان ِ گریز ِ فوتون   
zamân-e goriz-e foton

Fr.: temps d'échappement des photons   

The time required for a photon created in the Sun's core to attain the → photosphere and leave the Sun. If the photons were free to escape, they would take a time of only R/c (a couple of seconds) to reach the surface, where R is the Solar radius and c the speed of light. The solar material is, however, very opaque, so that photons travel only a short distance before interacting with other particles. Therefore, photons undergo a very large number of → random walks before arriving at the surface by chance. The typical time is approximately 5 x 104 years for a constant density Sun.

photon; → escape; → time.

photon gas
  گاز ِ فوتونی   
gâz-e fotoni

Fr.: gaz de photons   

Electromagnetic radiation in equilibrium in a → black body cavity. Photons can be treated as the simplest → ideal gas because all the particles move at the same velocity, the → speed of light. There are, nevertheless, two main differences. 1) Photons are → bosons and → Bose-Einstein statistics must be used. However, photons do not interact with each others so that no approximation is made by neglecting inter-particle forces. 2) Some photons scatter off the walls, with some being absorbed and new ones being emitted continually; so that no constraint can be placed on their number.

photon; → gas.

photon hardening
  سختش ِ فوتون   
saxteš-e foton

Fr.: durcissement des photons   

An effect occurring in the outer zones of → H II regions where the number of high-energy ultraviolet photons with energies well above the → ionization potential of hydrogen increases with respect to the number of → Lyman continuum photons. The effect is due to stronger absorption of weaker photons.

hard; → photon.

photon noise
  نوفه‌ی ِ فوتون   
nufe-ye foton

Fr.: bruit de photons   

An intrinsic noise caused by the quantum nature of light. Same as → quantum noise.

photon; → noise.

photon sphere
  سپهر ِ فوتون   
sepehr-e foton

Fr.: sphère de photons   

A surface where if a photon is emitted from one of its points the photon follows a closed orbit and returns periodically to its departure point. Such a surface exists only near sufficiently → compact objects where the → curvature of → space-time is very important. In other words, a body can take a stable orbit around a → black hole provided that it moves with the → speed of light. However, only photons can have such a velocity; hence the term "photon sphere." For a non-rotating → Schwarzschild black hole, the photon sphere has a radius of R = 3GM/c2 = 3 RS/2, where G is the → gravitational constant, M is the mass, c is the → speed of light, and RS is the → Schwarzschild radius. For a rotating, → Kerr black hole, the situation is much more complex due to the → Lense-Thirring effect. In that case circular paths exist for radii whose values depend on the rotation direction. More specifically, in the equatorial plane there are two possible circular light paths: a smaller one in the direction of the rotation, and a larger one in the opposite direction.

photon; → sphere.

photon tiring limit
  حد ِ خستگی ِ فوتون   
hadd-e xastegi-ye foton

Fr.: limite par fatigue du photon   

The maximum → mass loss rate of a star when the → wind luminosity equals the total available → stellar luminosity. The mechanical luminosity of the wind at infinity is given by: Lwind = Mdot (v2/2 + GM/R) = Mdot (v2/2 + vesc2/2). For Lwind = L*, the mass loss rate is Mdotmax = 2L*/(v2 + vesc2). Following Owoki & Gayly (1997), Mdottir is the maximum mass loss rate when the wind just escapes the gravitational potential, with v tending toward zero. Mdottir is much larger than typical mass loss rates from → line-driven winds, where the driving lines become saturated with increasing density limiting the wind mass loss rates to about 10-4 Msun yr-1 in even the most luminous stars.

photon; tiring, from tire "to weary; become weary," → tired; → limit.

photon-baryon plasma
  پلاسما فوتون-باریون   
plâsmâ foton-bâriyon

Fr.: plasma photon-baryon   

The plasma filling space before the → recombination epoch that mainly consisted of → cosmic microwave background radiation photons, electrons, protons, and → light elements.

photon; → baryon; → plasma.

photonics
  فوتونیک   
fotonik

Fr.: photonique   

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The science includes light emission, transmission, deflection, amplification and detection by optical components and instruments, lasers and other light sources, fiber optics, electro-optical instrumentation, related hardware and electronics, and sophisticated systems.

photon + → -ics.

photosphere
  شیدسپهر، رخشان‌سپهر   
šidsepehr, raxšânsepehr

Fr.: photosphère   

1) The visible surface of the Sun (temperature 5700 K), just below the → chromosphere and just above the → convective zone. The solar photosphere is a thin layer of roughly 300 km wide. Its temperature decreases uniformly with height, from about 6,600 K (pressure 0.868 → millibars) at its bottom, to about 4,400 K (pressure 125 mb), where it merges with the chromosphere. The photosphere has a "rice-grain" appearance, called → granulation, caused by rising (hot) and falling (cool) material in the → convective cells just below the photosphere. Other main features of the photosphere are → sunspots, → faculae, and → supergranulation.
2) The region of a star which gives rise to the continuum radiation emitted by the star.

photo- + → sphere.

photospheric
  شیدسپهری   
šidsepehri (#)

Fr.: photosphérique   

Of or pertaining to a → photosphere.

photosphere; → -ic.

photosynthesis
  شیدهندایش   
šidhandâyeš

Fr.: photosynthèse   

The process in green plants, algae, diatoms, and certain forms of bacteria by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct.

photo- + → synthesis.

photovisual magnitude
  بُرز ِ شیدچشمی   
borz-e šidcašmi

Fr.: magnitude photovisuelle   

Magnitude defined for the combination of a photographic plate and a yellow filter, approximating the spectral sensitivity of the eye.

photo- + → visual; → magnitude.

photovoltaic detector
  آشکارگر ِ شید-ولتایی   
âškârgar-e šidvoltâyi

Fr.: détecteur photovoltaïque   

A detector usually constituted by a p-n junction. Upon irradiation, the electron-hole pairs which are created, are immediately separated by the strong electric field across the junction, and a current is generated, which is proportional to the number of incident photons per second.

photo- + → voltaic; → detector.

phrase
  وتپار   
vatpâr

Fr.: locution, expression   

A sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a → sentence.

From L.L. phrasis "diction," from Gk. phrasis "speech, way of speaking, enunciation," from phrazein "to express, tell," from phrazesthai "to consider."

Vatpâr, literally "part of speech," from vat-, "to speak, say;" cf. (Kurd.) wittin "to speak, say," → letter, + pâr "piece, part, portion," → partial.

physical
  فیزیکی   
fiziki (#)

Fr.: physique   

Pertaining to the physical sciences, especially physics.

physics + → -al.

physical adsorption
  برشم ِ فیزیکی   
baršam-e fiziki

Fr.: adsorption physique   

Same as → physisorption.

physical; → adsorption.

physical chemistry
  شیمی ِ فیزیکی   
šimi-ye fiziki (#)

Fr.: chimie physique   

The branch of chemistry dealing with the relations between the physical properties of substances and their chemical composition and transformations.

physical; → chemistry.


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