An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
limb darkening
  تاریکش ِ لبه   
târikeš-e labé

Fr.: assombrissement centre-bord   

An apparent decrease in brightness of the Sun near its edge as compared to its brightness toward the center. Limb darkening is readily apparent in photographs of the Sun. The reason is that when we look toward the disk's center we look into deeper and hence hotter layers along the line of sight. Toward the limb, we get radiation from higher and hence cooler and less bright layers of the → photosphere. Limb darkening has been detected in the case of several other stars. A similar phenomenon occurs in → eclipsing binaries where the effect of limb darkening on one or both components manifests itself in the shape of the system's → light curve.

limb; → darkening.

lime
  آهک   
âhak (#)

Fr.: chaux   

A white or grayish-white substance obtained by burning → limestone, used in mortars, plasters, cements, and in the manufacture of steel, paper, glass, and various chemicals of calcium.

M.E., O.E. lim; akin to Du. lijm, Ger. Leim, O.N. lim "glue;" L. limus "slime."

Âhak, probably a variant of xâk, → soil.

limestone
  سنگ ِ آهک   
sang-e âhak (#)

Fr.: castine, calcaire    

A → sedimentary rock composed principally of calcium carbonate. Limestone is usually formed from shells of once-living organisms or other organic processes, but may also form by inorganic precipitation.

lime; → stone.

limit
  حد   
hadd (#)

Fr.: limite   

1) General: The final, utmost, or furthest → boundary or → point as to extent, amount, continuance, procedure, etc.
2a) Math.: Of a → sequence, a → number which is approached ever more closely, but never reached, by the successive terms of a convergent infinite sequence.
2b) Of a → variable, a constant C which has the property with respect to some variable V that, as the variable approaches C in value (according to some formula), the numerical difference (C - V) between the constant and the variable diminishes toward 0 but is always greater than 0.

From O.Fr. limite "a boundary," from L. limitem (nom. limes) "a boundary, embankment between fields, border," related to limen "threshold."

Loan from Ar. Hadd "limit, term."

limited
  حدمند   
haddmand

Fr.: limité   

Confined within limits; restricted or circumscribed.

Adj. of → limit.

limiting magnitude
  برز ِ حد   
borz-e hadd

Fr.: magnitude limite   

The faintest magnitude reachable by an instrument.

limit; → magnitude.

limonite
  لیمونیت   
limonit (#)

Fr.: limonite   

A widely occurring ore of yellowish-brown to black color that consists of amorphous oxides of iron.

Gk. leimon "meadow" in reference to its occurrence as "bog ore" in meadows and marshes + → -ite.

Lindblad resonance
  باز‌آوایی ِ لیندبلاد   
bâzâvâyi-ye Lindblad

Fr.: résonance de Lindblad   

A kinematic resonance hypothesized to explain the existence of galactic → spiral arms. It occurs when the frequency at which a star encounters the spiral → density wave is a multiple of its → epicyclic frequency. Orbital resonances occur at the location in the disk where Ωp = Ω ± κ/m, where Ωp is → pattern speed, κ → epicyclic frequency, and m an integer representing the number of spiral arms. The minus sign corresponds to the inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) and the plus sign to the outer Lindblad resonance (OLR). The corotation resonance corresponds to Ωp = Ω. In general, the Lindblad resonances are defined for two spiral arms (m = 2), and low order. There are other less important resonances corresponding to higher m values. These resonances tend to increase the object's orbital eccentricity and to cause its longitude of periapse to line up in phase with the perturbing force. Lindblad resonances drive spiral density waves both in galaxies (where stars are subject to forcing by the spiral arms themselves) and in Saturn's rings (where ring particles are subject to forcing by Saturn's moons).

After the originator of the model, Bertil Lindblad (1895-1965), a Swedish astronomer, who made important contributions to the study of the rotation of the Galaxy; → resonance.

line
  خط، خت   
xatt (#), xat (#)

Fr.: ligne   

1) A mark or stroke long in proportion to its breadth, made with a pen, pencil, or other tools.
2) Math.: A continuous extent of length, straight or curved, without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point.

M.E. li(g)ne "cord, rope, stroke, series," from O.E. line "rope, row of letters," partly from O.Fr. ligne, from L. linea "linen thread, string, line," from phrase linea restis "linen cord," from fem. of lineus (adj.) "of linen," from linum "flax, linen."

Xatt, xat, used also in Ar., but it has no Hebrew counterpart. Xat is probably of Iranian origin, from *kerš-/*xrah- "to draw, plow;" cf. Av. karš- "to draw; to plow," karša- "furrow;" Mid/Mod.Pers. kešidan, kašidan "to draw, protract, trail, drag, carry," dialectal Yaqnavi xaš "to draw," Qomi xaš "streak, stria, mark," Lori kerr "line;" cf. Skt. kars-, kársati "to pull, drag, plow;" Gk. pelo, pelomai "to move, to bustle;" PIE base kwels- "to plow."

line blanketing
  پتومندی ِ خط   
patumandi-ye xatt

Fr.:   

In stellar atmosphere models, the effect of metallic lines on the atmospheric structure of stars. The additional opacities of thousands of metallic lines alter the radiative transfer, leading to changes in the temperature. The emergent spectrum is consequently modified.

line-blanketed model.

line blending
  توهم‌شد ِ خط‌ها   
tuhamešod-e xatthâ

Fr.: confusion de raies   

Mixing of two or more spectral lines of adjacent wavelengths into a broad, single line due to insufficient dispersion of the spectrograph.

line; → blend.

line blocking
  بند‌آری ِ خط‌ها   
bandâri-ye xatthâ

Fr.: blocage par raies   

Reduction of the radiative flux in a model atmosphere due to absorption by a large number of lines. Line blocking affects the radiative transfer, ionisation and temperature structures, and the atmosphere's hydrodynamics.

line; block, from M.E. blok "log, stump," from O.Fr. bloc "log, block," via M.Du. bloc "trunk of a tree."

Bandâri "blocking," from band âvardan "to block," from band "dam, tie, chain," from bastan "to bind, shut, close up" (Mid.Pers. bastan, band; Av./O.Pers. band- "to bind, fetter," banda- "band, tie;" cf. Skt. bandh- "to bind, tie, fasten," bandhah "a tying, bandage;" Goth bandi "that which binds;" O.Fr. bande, bende; O.E. bend; M.E. bende; E. band; PIE base *bendh- "to bind") + âvari verbal noun of âvardan "to cause, produce; to bring" (Mid.Pers. âwurtan, âvaritan; Av. ābar- "to bring; to possess," from prefix ā- + Av./O.Pers. bar- "to bear, carry," bareθre "to bear (infinitive)," bareθri "a female that bears (children), a mother;" Mod.Pers. bordan "to carry;" Skt. bharati "he carries;" Gk. pherein; L. fero "to carry").

line broadening
  پهنش ِ خط   
pahneš-e xatt

Fr.: élargissement de raie   

A widening of → spectral lines due to any of several factors, including the → Doppler broadening, → instrumental broadening, → microturbulence, → pressure broadening, → rotational broadening, the → Stark effect, and the → Zeeman effect.

line; → broadening.

line cooling
  سردش ِ خط   
sardeš-e xatt

Fr.: refroidissement dû aux raies   

In stellar atmosphere models, the decrease of temperature in the outer layers of atmosphere due to the escape of photons through optically thin metallic lines. Energy is transferred from the thermal pool to photons and is lost for the atmosphere, leading to a temperature decrease.

line; → cooling.

line identification
  ایدانش ِ خط   
idâneš-e xatt

Fr.: identification de raies   

The process of recognizing the spectral lines in a spectrum.

line; → identification.

line intensity
  درتنویی ِ خط   
dartanuyi-ye xatt

Fr.: intensité de raie   

A measure of the total effect of an absorption or emission line. The line intensity is equal to the integration of the absorption coefficient over the entire shape of the absorption line.

line; → intensity.

line of action
  خط ِ ژیرش، ~ کنش   
xatt-e žireš, ~ koneš

Fr.: ligne d'action   

Of a force, the straight line along which the force → vector is directed. The action of a force on a → rigid body does not change when its point of application is displaced along the line of action. Hence, forces applied to a rigid body can be regarded as non-localized, or sliding, vectors.

line; → action.

line of apsides
  خط ِ هباک‌ها   
xatt-e habâkhâ

Fr.: ligne des apsides   

Of an elliptical orbit, the straight line drawn from the → perigee to the → apogee.

line, → apsides.

line of equinoxes
  خط ِ هموگان‌ها   
xatt-e hamugânhâ

Fr.: ligne des équinoxes   

The intersection of the planes of ecliptic and celestial equator.

line; → equinox.

line of flow
  خط ِ تچان   
xatt-e tacân

Fr.: ligne d'écoulement   

Same as → streamline.

line; → flow.


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