An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
Rayleigh number (Ra)
  عدد ِ ریلی   
adad-e Rayleigh

Fr.: nombre de Rayleigh   

The ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous force in a medium. This dimensionless number is used to estimate when convection commences in a fluid. It depends on the density and depth of the fluid, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the gravitational field, the temperature gradient, the thermal diffusivity, and the kinematic viscosity. Convection usually starts when Ra is 1000 or more, while heat transfer is entirely by conduction when Ra is less than 10.

rayleigh; → number.

Rayleigh scattering
  پراکنش ِ ریلی   
parâkaneš-e Rayleigh

Fr.: diffusion Rayleigh   

The scattering of light by → particles of size small compared with the → wavelength of light. The intensity of the light scattered by unit volume of the medium at an angle θ to the direction of propagation of the incident light is: Iθ = 8 π4α2 N I0 (1 + cos2θ)/(R2λ4), where α is the → molecular polarizability, N is the number of scattering molecules, I0 is intensity of the incident light, λ is the wavelength, and R is the distance from the scatterer. The fourth power dependence on wavelength means that blue light is much more strongly scattered than red light from a medium containing very fine particles. The air molecules, mostly → nitrogen (78%) and → oxygen (21%) are some 1,000 times larger than → visible light wavelengths. This accounts for the bluish appearance of smoke and of clear sky when the observation is not along the direction of illumination. The setting Sun, seen through a considerable thickness of atmosphere appears reddish because long wave radiation predominates in the transmitted light.
Historically, John Tyndall first discovered this phenomenon in 1859 (→ Tyndall effect), but Lord Rayleigh studied it in more detail in 1871.

rayleigh; → scattering.

Rayleigh's criterion
  سنجیدار ِ ریلی   
sanjidâr-e Rayleigh

Fr.: critère de Rayleigh   

A criterion for the instability of a basic swirling flow with an arbitrary dependence of angular velocity Ω(r) on the distance r from the axis of rotation. This states that in → inviscid fluids: Ω(r) < 0 for instability, where Ω = (1/r3) (d/dr)(r4Ω4).

Rayleigh; → criterion.

Rayleigh-Jeans law
  قانون ِ ریلی-جینز   
qânun-e Rayleigh-Jeans(#)

Fr.: loi de Rayleigh-Jeans   

A classical law approximately describing the intensity of radiation emitted by a → blackbody. It states that this intensity is proportional to the temperature divided by the fourth power of the wavelength (8πkT4). The Rayleigh-Jeans law is a good approximation to the experimentally verified Planck radiation formula only at long wavelengths. At short wavelengths it runs into a paradox named the → ultraviolet catastrophe.

Rayleigh; → Jeans; → law.

Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum
  بیناب ِ ریلی-جینز   
binâb-e Rayleigh-Jeans

Fr.: spectre Rayleigh-Jeans   

The part of → electromagnetic spectrum approximated by the → Rayleigh-Jeans law.

Rayleigh; → Jeans; → spectrum.

Rayleigh-Taylor instability
  ناپایداری ِ ریلی-تیلر   
nâpâydâri-ye Rayleigh-Taylor

Fr.: instabilité Rayleigh-Taylor   

A type of hydrodynamical instability between two fluids of different densities, which occurs when the heavy fluid lies above the lighter fluid in a gravitational field. More generally a material interface is said to be Rayleigh-Taylor unstable whenever the fluid acceleration has an opposite direction to the density gradient.

rayleigh; → Taylor number; → instability.

RCW catalogue
  کاتالوگ ِ WCR   
kâtâlog-e RCW

Fr.: catalogue RCW   

A catalog of → H II regions in the → southern  → Milky Way based on observations obtained at Mount Stromlo Observatory (Australia). It contains 181 → H-alpha emission objects characterized by their positions, dimensions, and estimated brightness.

Rodgers,A.W., Campbell, C.T., Whiteoak, J.B., 1960, MNRAS, 121, 103; → catalog.

re-
  وا-، باز-   
vâ- (#), bâz- (#)

Fr.: re-   

A prefix meaning "again, anew" to indicate repetition (as rebuild, retell), "back, backward" to indicate "withdrawal" or "backward motion" (react, recall), or sometimes merely intensive (refine, resolve).

M.E., from O.Fr., from and L. re- "again, back."

Vâ-, variant bâz-, prefix denoting "reversal, opposition; separation; repetition; open; off; away," from Mid.Pers. abâz-, apâc-; O.Pers. apa- [pref.] "away, from;" Av. apa- [pref.] "away, from," apaš [adv.] "toward the back;" cf. Skt. ápāñc "situated behind."

react
  واژیریدن   
vâžiridan

Fr.: réagir   

1) To act in response to an agent, influence, or stimulus.
2) To act in a reverse direction or manner; to act in opposition, as against some force.
3) Chem.: To undergo a → chemical reaction.

re-; → act.

reactance
  واژیرایی   
vâžirâyi

Fr.: réactance   

The opposition to the flow of alternating current caused by the inductance and capacitance in a circuit rather than by resistance.

From → react + -ance a suffix of nouns.

Vâžirâyi state noun of vâžirâ agent noun of vâžiridanreact.

reactant
  واژیرا   
vâžirâ

Fr.:   

1) General: A person or thing that reacts.
2) A substance on the left side of a → chemical equation.

From → react + -ant.

reaction
  واژیرش، واکنش   
vâžireš, vâkoneš

Fr.: réaction   

1) General: Action in response to some influence, event, stimulus.
2) An equal and opposite force exerted by a body against a force acting upon it. → principle of action and reaction.
3) A → nuclear reaction; → chain reaction.
4) → chemical reaction.

Verbal noun of → react.

reaction rate
  نرخ ِ واژیرش   
nerx-e vâžireš

Fr.: taux de réaction   

The speed with which a → chemical reaction takes place. In other words, the change in → concentration of a → substance divided by the → time interval during which the change is observed.

reaction; → rate.

reactive
  واژیرنده؛ واژیرشی   
vâžirandé; vâžireši

Fr.: réactif   

Tending to react. Pertaining to or characterized by reaction.

From → react + -ive a suffix of adjectives expressing tendency, disposition, function, connection, etc.

Vâžirandé verbal adj. of vâžiridanreact; vâžireši, adj. of vâžirešreaction.

reactivity
  واژیرندگی   
vâžirandegi

Fr.: réactivité   

1) General: The quality or condition of being reactive.
2) Physics: A measure of the deviation from the condition at which a → nuclear reactor is critical.
3) Chem.: The relative → capacity of an → atom, → molecule, or → redical to undergo a → chemical reaction with another atom, molecule, or → compound.

From → reactive + → -ity.

reactor
  واژیرگر   
vâžirgar

Fr.: réacteur   

1) A device for introducing reactance into an electrical circuit (e.g. a capacitor).
2) Same as → nuclear reactor.

From → react + → -or.

reactor core
  مغزه‌ی ِ واژیرگر   
maqze-ye vâžirgar

Fr.: cœur de réacteur   

The part of a → nuclear reactor in which → nuclear fission takes place and huge quantities of heat energy are generated.

reactor; → core.

reading rate
  نرخ ِ خوانش   
nerx-e xâneš

Fr.: vitesse de lecture   

In computing and data processing, the number of words, characters, fields, etc. sensed by an input sensing device per unit of time.

Reading, verbal noun of read, from M.E. reden, O.E. rædan, redan "to counsel, read;" cf. Du. raden, Ger. raten "to advise, counsel, guess;" akin to Skt. rādh- "to succeed, accomplish;" Gk. arithmos "number amount;" L. ratio; Pers. rây, râ "because of, for the sake of;" → reason; → rate.

Nerx, → rate; xâneš verbal noun of xândan "to read; to sing; to call;" Mid.Pers. xwân- "to resound; to call;" Av. xvan- "to sound," Proto-Iranian *huan- "to call;" cf. Skt. svan-, sváranti "to sound, make a sound, sing;" L. sonus "sound," sonare "to sound;" O.E. swinn "music, song," PIE base *suen- "to sound" (Cheung 2007).

readout noise
  نوفه‌ی ِ خوانش   
nufe-ye xâneš

Fr.: bruit de lecture   

The noise added in the process of reading a detector such as a CCD.

reading rate; → noise.

reagent
  واکنشگر   
vâkonešgar

Fr.: réactif   

A chemical substance that, because of the reactions it causes, is used to detect, measure, or prepare another substance.

From re(act) + → agent.

Vâkonešgar, from vâ-, → re-, + konešgaragent.


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