An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
solar luminosity
  تابندگی ِ خورشید   
tâbandegi-ye xoršid (#)

Fr.: luminosité solaire   

The total → radiant energy, in all wavelengths, emitted by the Sun in all directions. It is 3.828 × 1026 W or 3.828 × 1033 erg sec-1 (International Astronomical Union, Resolution B3, 14 August 2015, Honolulu, USA). This is the luminosity unit conventionally used to give the luminosities of stars. See also: → solar constant. When the Earth first formed, 4.56 billion years ago, the Sun radiated 30% less energy than it does today, thus giving rise to the so-called → faint early Sun paradox. Ever since then, its power has increased by 7% every billion years (I. Ribas, 2009, arXiv:0911.4872).

solar; → luminosity.

solar magnetic cycle
  چرخه‌ی ِ مغناتیسی ِ خورشید   
carxe-ye meqnâtisi-ye xoršid

Fr.: cycle magnétique solaire   

The period of time, about 22 years, after which the magnetic → polarity of the Sun returns to its earlier state. It consists of two consecutive → solar cycles.

solar; → magnetic; → cycle.

solar magnetic field
  میدان ِ مغناتیسی ِ خورشید   
meydân-e meqnâtisi-ye xoršid (#)

Fr.: champ magnétique solaire   

The Sun's magnetic field which is probably created by the → differential rotation of the Sun together with the movement of charged particles in the → convective zone. Understanding how the solar magnetic field comes about is the fundamental problem of Solar Physics. The solar magnetic field is responsible for all solar magnetic phenomena, such as → sunspots, → solar flares, → coronal mass ejections, and the → solar wind. The solar magnetic fields are observed from the → Zeeman broadening of spectral lines, → polarization effects on radio emission, and from the channeling of charged particles into visible → coronal streamers. The strength of Sun's average magnetic field is 1 → gauss (twice the average field on the surface of Earth, around 0.5 gauss), and can be as strong as 4,000 Gauss in the neighborhood of a large sunspot.

solar; → magnetic; → field.

solar mass
  جرم ِ خورشید   
jerm-e xoršid (#)

Fr.: masse solaire   

The amount of mass in our Sun, 1.99 x 1033 g, about 330,000 times the Earth's mass. The solar mass is also the unit in which the masses of other stars, galaxies, and other large celestial bodies are expressed.

solar; → mass.

solar maximum
  بیشینه‌ی ِ خورشیدی   
bišine-ye xoršidi

Fr.: maximum solaire   

The month(s) during the 11 year → solar cycle when the number of → sunspots reaches a maximum.

solar; → maximum.

solar metallicity
  فلزیگی ِ خورشیدی   
felezigi-ye xoršidi

Fr.: métallicité solaire   

The proportion of the solar matter made up of → chemical elements heavier than → helium. It is denoted by Z, which represents the sum of all elements heavier than → helium, in mass fraction. The most recent determination of the solar Z gives a value of 0.0134 (Asplund et al. 2009, ARAA 47, 481), corresponding to the present-day photospheric composition.

solar; → metallicity.

solar minimum
  کمینه‌ی ِ خورشیدی   
kamine-ye xoršidi

Fr.: minimum solaire   

The month(s) during the 11 year → solar cycle when the number of → sunspots is lowest.

solar; → minimum.

solar nebula
  میغ ِ خورشیدی   
miq-e xoršidi

Fr.: nébuleuse solaire   

The cloud of interstellar gas and dust from which the Sun and the rest of the solar system initially formed.

solar; → nebula.

solar neighborhood
  همسایگی ِ خورشید   
hamsâyegi-ye xoršid (#)

Fr.: voisinage solaire   

That part of the Milky Way galaxy lying near the Sun. In fact there is no definition of the exact radius of this region. It is referred to the immediate solar neighborhood (within about 5 pc), the solar neighborhood (within about 25 pc), and the extended solar neighborhood (within a few hundred pc).

solar; → neighborhood.

solar neutrino
  نوترینوی ِ خورشیدی   
notinohâ-ye xoršidi

Fr.: flux des neutrinos solaires   

A neutrino generated in the → Sun. The main source of solar neutrinos is the → proton-proton chain of reactions: 4 × p→ He + 2e+ + 2νe, in which an energy of +28 MeV is shared between the reaction products. These are called → low-energy neutrinos. There are less important reactions in the Sun yielding a smaller flux of higher energy neutrinos. The solar neutrino flux can be estimated from the → solar luminosity (L), as follows Since there are two neutrinos for each 28 MeV of energy, the neutrino flux at the Earth distance (d) is given by: ν flux = 2Lsun/(28 MeV) × (1/4πd2) = 6 × 1010 cm-2 s-1. See also the → solar neutrino problem.

solar; → neutrino; → flux.

solar neutrino problem
  پراسه‌ی ِ نوترینوهای ِ خورشید   
parâse-ye notrinohâ-ye xoršid

Fr.: problème des neutrinos solaires   

A major discrepancy between the flux of neutrinos detected at Earth from the solar core and that predicted by current models of solar nuclear fusion and our understanding of neutrinos themselves. The problem, lasting from the mid-1960s to about 2002, was a considerably lesser detected number of neutrons compared with theoretical predictions. The discrepancy has since been resolved by new understanding of neutrino physics, requiring a modification of the → standard model of particle physics, in particular → neutrino oscillation.

solar; → neutrino; → problem.

solar neutrino unit (SNU)
  یکای ِ نوترینوهای ِ خورشیدی   
yekâ-ye notrinohâ-ye xoršidi

Fr.: unité de neutrinos solaires   

A measure of the flux of neutrinos from the Sun reaching the Earth. 1 SNU is equal to 10-36 solar neutrinos captured per target atom per second.

solar; → neutrino; → unit.

Solar Orbiter
  مدارگرد ِ خورشیدی   
madârgard-e xoršidi

Fr.: orbiteur solaire   

A → European Space Agency (ESA) mission with strong → National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) participation aimed at studying the Sun up close and from high latitudes, launched on 10 February 2020. Solar Orbiter is equipped with 10 instruments and will provide the first images of the Sun's poles. It will make a close approach of the Sun every six months. Its distance from the Sun varies from within the orbit of → Mercury to close to the orbit of Earth. At closest approach, Solar Orbiter will be about approximately 42 million km from the Sun. Solar Orbiter will combine in situ measurements of the → solar wind around the spacecraft with remote sensing, looking at the Sun's features from afar, to connect the two together. The spacecraft has been tested to withstand temperatures up to 500 °C -- enduring thirteen times the amount of solar heating that satellites in Earth's orbit experience. Solar Orbiter will help us understand how our star creates and controls the → heliosphere, i.e. the giant bubble of → plasma that surrounds the whole → Solar System and influences the planets within it.

solar; → orbiter.

solar parallax
  دیدگشت ِ خورشیدی   
didgašt-e xoršidi

Fr.: parallaxe solaire   

The angle subtended (8''.79) by the → equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of 1 → astronomical unit.

solar; → parallax.

solar photospheric abundance
  فراوانی ِ شیدسپهری ِ خورشیدی   
farâvâni-ye šidsepehri-ye xoršidi

Fr.: abondance photosphérique solaire   

The abundance of a → chemical element as determined from the observation of solar → spectral lines. The solar chemical composition is an important ingredient in our understanding of the formation, structure and evolution of both the Sun and our solar system. Furthermore, it is an essential reference standard against which the elemental contents of other astronomical objects are compared (Asplund et al. 2009, arXiv:0909.0948). The photospheric abundances relative to hydrogen are not representative of the → protosun, or global → solar system abundances. This is because heavy-element fractionation in the Sun has altered photospheric abundances (Lodders 2003, ApJ 591, 1220).

solar; → photospheric; → abundance.

solar physics
  فیزیک ِ خورشیدی   
fizik-e xoršidi

Fr.: physique solaire   

The branch of astrophysics concerned with the study of the physical properties of the Sun based on the most detailed observations which can be obtained for a star.

solar; → physics.

solar power
  توان ِ خورشیدی   
tavân-e xoršidi

Fr.: puissance solaire   

Any power obtained by converting solar radiation into useful power.

solar; → power.

solar probe
  گمانه‌ی ِ خورشیدی   
gomâne-ye xoršidi

Fr.: sonde solaire   

A space probe designed to gather data about the Sun.

solar; → probe.

solar prominence
  زبانه‌ی ِ خورشیدی   
zabâne-ye xoršidi

Fr.: protubérances solaires   

A large, arch-shaped filament of hot gas extending outward from the Sun's surface. More at → prominence.

solar; → prominence.

solar radiation
  تابش ِ خورشیدی   
tâbeš-e xoršidi

Fr.: rayonnement solaire   

All the constituents making up the Sun's emission: photons, electrons, protons, neutrinos, and atomic nuclei.

solar; → radiation.


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