An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
cosmology
  کیهان‌شناسی   
keyhânšenâsi (#)

Fr.: cosmologie   

The science of the origin, structure, and evolution of the Universe including the origin of galaxies, the chemical elements, and matter.

Cosmology, from → cosmo- + → -logy.

Keyhânšenâsi, from keyhân, → cosmos, + šenâsi, → -logy.

cosmonaut
  کیهان نورد، فضا نورد   
keyhânnavard (#), fazânavard (#)

Fr.: cosmonaute, astronaute   

The Russian term for → astronaut.

Cosmonaut, from → cosmo- + naute, from Gk. nautes "sailor," from naus "ship" (cognate with Pers. nâv "ship," Av./O.Pers. *nāv-, O.Pers. nāviyā- "fleet," Skt. nau-, nava- "ship, boat," Gk. naus, neus, L. navis; PIE *nâu- "ship").

cosmos
  کیهان   
keyhân (#)

Fr.: cosmos   

Everything that exists anywhere; → outer space; → Universe.

M.E., from Gk. kosmos "orderly arrangement."

Keyhân "world," variants geyhân, jahân, giti "world, material world, time," Mid.Pers. gêhân, gêtig, Manichean Mid.Pers. gyh "world," Av. gaeθa- "being, world, matter, mankind", gaya- "life, manner of living," root gay- "to live" (present tense jiva-), O.Pers. gaiθā- "live-stock," cognate with Skt. jivah "alive, living," Gk. bios "life," L. vivus "living, alive," vita "life;" PIE base *gweie- "to live" (cf. O.E. cwic, "alive;" O.C.S. zivo "to live;" Lith. gyvas "living, alive;" O.Ir. bethu "life," bith "age;" Welsh byd "world"). The Persian terms zistan "to live," zendé "alive," zendegi "life," and jân "vital spirit, soul" belong to this family.

cotangent
  کوتانژانت   
kotânžânt (#)

Fr.: cotangent   

The → tangent of the complement of an arc or angle; abbreviation cot. If θ is an → acute angle of a → right angle, cot θ = (adjacent side)/(opposite side).

co-; → tangent.

cotton
  پنبه   
panbé (#)

Fr.: coton   

A soft, usually white fibrous substance like fine wool surrounding the seeds of various tropical and subtropical plants of the mallow family. It is extensively used in making threads, yarns, and fabrics.

M.E. coton, from O.Fr. coton, from O.It. cotone, from Ar. qutn (قطن), perhaps of Egyptian origin.

Panbé "cotton" (dialectal Lori pamma, Kurd. pemû, maybe Tajik, Afqân pakta, pakhta, bakhta, bakta), from Mid.Pers. pambag "cotton," pambagin "made of cotton," perhaps loaned in Gk. bombux "silk, any silk-like fine fiber;" L. bombyx "silk, cotton," L.L. bombax "cotton," hence O.Fr. bombace "cotton, cotton wadding," E. bombast "cotton wool; inflated language."

coudé focus
  کانون ِ آرنج‌وار   
kânun-e ârenjvâr, ~ kudé

Fr.: foyer coudé   

An → optical system in which the → beam of light from the → primary mirror is reflected down through the instrument's → polar axis by a path bent like an → elbow. Since the focus remains fixed with respect to the Earth, light can be analyzed with permanently installed instruments. In addition long → focal lengths allow higher → spectral dispersions.

From Fr. coudé "elbowed," from coude "elbow," L. cubitus; → focus.

Kânun, → focus; ârenjvâr "elbow-like," → elbow.

Couette flow
  تچان ِ کویءت   
tacân-e Couette

Fr.: écoulement de Couette   

In fluid dynamics, the motion of an → incompressible → laminar flow passing between two parallel plates, when the upper plate is moving with some velocity while the lower one is stationary. The flow is driven owing to the fluid → viscosity and the applied pressure gradient parallel to the plates. See also → Taylor-Couette flow.

Named after Maurice Marie Alfred Couette (1858-1943), a French physicist who dealt mainly with fluid mechanics; → flow

Couette viscometer
  وشک‌سنج ِ کویءت   
vošksanj-e Couette

Fr.: viscosimètre de Couette   

A device consisting of two vertical coaxial cylinders and a fluid filling the volume between the cylinders and used for measuring the viscosity of the fluid. The inner cylinder is stationary while the outer cylinder rotates. The amount of shear stress produced owing to rotation is directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid.

Couette flow; → viscometer.

Couette-Taylor flow
  تچان ِ کویءت-تیلر   
tacân-e Couette-Taylor

Fr.: écoulement de Couette-Taylor   

In fluid mechanics, the motion of a fluid between two concentric cylinders when one or both of the cylinders rotate.

Couette flow; Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (1886-1975), British physicist; → flow.

coulomb (C)
  کولن   
coulomb (#)

Fr.: coulomb   

The unit of → electric charge in the → mks system, equal to the quantity of charge transferred in one second by a steady current of one → ampere. One coulomb represents a charge of approximately 6.241 506 × 1018 → electrons. Compared with the charge unit in the → cgs system, 1 C = 2.998 × 109 → esu.

Named after the French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), who pioneered research into magnetism and electricity.

Coulomb barrier
  ورغه‌ی ِ کولن   
varqe-ye Coulomb (#)

Fr.: barrière de Coulomb   

The energy barrier due to electrostatic interaction that two nuclei (for example two protons) need to overcome so they can get close enough to undergo nuclear fusion (to form a helium).

coulomb; → barrier.

Coulomb collision
  همکوبش ِ کولن   
hamkubeš-e Coulomb

Fr.: collision coulombienne   

A particle → collision where the dominant force is described by → Coulomb's law. The collision results in deflections of the particles away from their initial paths.

coulomb; → collision.

Coulomb energy
  کاروژ ِ کولن   
kâruž-e Coulomb

Fr.: énergie coulombienne   

The → potential energy from which derives the repulsive electrostatic force between two → charged particles. For example, the Coulomb energy between two protons is e2/r ~ 0.5 MeV, which is small compared with the average → binding energy per particle (~ 8 Mev). However the Coulomb repulsion becomes important for heavy nuclei. The total Coulomb energy of a nucleus is given by: (3/5) Z(Z - 1)e2/R, where Z is the → atomic number, e the charge, and R the nuclear radius. Since R ∝ A1/3 and Z is roughly proportional to A, the Coulomb energy is roughly proportional to A5/3. On the other hand, the total binding energy is proportional to A, which means that the relative importance of the repulsive electrostatic energy increases with increasing mass number as A2/3.

coulomb; → energy.

Coulomb excitation
  بر‌انگیزش ِ کولن   
barangizeš-e Coulomb

Fr.: excitation coulombienne   

The transition to a higher → energy level than → ground state undergone by an atomic nucleus when a → charged particle of appropriate energy moves past it.

coulomb; → excitation.

Coulomb force
  نیروی ِ کولن   
niru-ye Coulomb (#)

Fr.: force de Coulomb   

An attractive or repulsive → electrostatic force between objects bearing electric charge, as described by → Coulomb's law. If the charges are of opposite sign, then the force is attractive; if thy are of the same sign, the force is repulsive.

Coulomb; → force.

Coulomb gauge
  گز ِ کولن   
gaz-e Coulomb

Fr.: jauge de Coulomb   

The optimum → gauge for steady fields, defined by: ∇.A = 0, where A is the → magnetic vector potential. Also called transverse gauge.

Coulomb; → gauge.

Coulomb interaction
  اندرژیرش ِ کولن   
andaržireš-e Coulomb

Fr.: interaction de Coulomb   

The reciprocal force between two or more → charged particles according to → Coulomb's law.

coulomb; → interaction.

Coulomb pressure
  فشار ِ کولن   
fešâr-e Coulomb

Fr.: pression de Coulomb   

The repulsive interaction due to the → Coulomb energy between two ions. If the ionic charge is Z, then the Coulomb potential energy is Z2e2/a, where a is some typical separation between the ions. The Coulomb pressure is expected to become important when the ratio ΓC = Z2e2/akT is much larger than 1. In that case, Coulomb effects dominate those of → thermal agitation and the gas settles down into a → crystal.

Coulomb; → pressure.

Coulomb's law
  قانون ِ کولن   
qânun-e Coulomb (#)

Fr.: loi de Coulomb   

The electrical force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance between the two objects

coulomb; → law.

council
  هاشین   
hâšin

Fr.: conseil   

An assembly of persons summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice (Dictionary.com).

From M.E. counseil, conseil, from Anglo-Norman cuncile, from O.Fr. concile "assembly; council meeting," from L. concilium "a meeting, a gathering of people," from → com- "together" + calere "to call, announce" + -ium.

Hâšin, literally "sitting together" (on the model of Skt. samsad- "sitting together, assembly"), from prefix hâ-, variant of ham- "together," → com-, + (ne)šin, present stem of nešastan "to sit;" Mid.Pers. nišin-, nišastan "to sit;" O.Pers. (ni)šâd- "to establish;" Av. hiδ- "to sit;" cf. Skt. sad- "to sit," sidati "sits;" Gk. ezesthai "to sit," L. sedere "to sit;" Goth. sitan, Ger. sitzen, E. (to) sit; PIE root *sed- "to sit."


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