An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
simple root
  ریشه‌ی ِ ساده   
riše-ye sâdé

Fr.: racine simple   

A → rootx0 of function f(x), if f(x0) = 0 and df/dx | x0 = 0. See also → double root.

simple; → root.

simplex
  تکتافت   
taktâft

Fr.: simplexe   

A generalization of the simplest closed configuration that can be made from straight line segments. For example, a → triangle is a 2-simplex because it is in two → dimensions, and → tetrahedron is a 3-simplex because it is in three dimensions (Steven Schwartzman, An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms Used in English, 1994).

Simplex, literally "uncomplicated, → simple," from sim-, from PIE root *sem- "one, once, together" + plek- "to fold." "folded [only] once."

Taktâft, literally "folded once," from tak "→ single, alone," + tâft, contraction of tâfté "plated, twisted, fold," as in hamtâft, → complex.

simplex method
  روش ِ تکتافتی   
raveš-e taktâfti

Fr.: méthode du simplexe   

An → algorithm for solving the classical → linear programming problem; developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947. The simplex method is an → iterative method, solving a system of → linear equations in each of its steps, and stopping when either the → optimum is reached, or the solution proves infeasible. The basic method remained pretty much the same over the years, though there were many refinements targeted at improving performance (e.g. using sparse matrix techniques), numerical accuracy and stability, as well as solving special classes of problems, such as mixed-integer programming (Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing, FOLDOC).

simplex; → method.

simplification
  ساده‌کرد، ساده‌شد   
sâde-kard, sâde-šod

Fr.: simplification   

The act of simplifying, or the fact of being simplified.

Verbal noun of → simplify.

simplify
  ساده کردن   
sâdé kardan (#)

Fr.: simplifier   

1) To make less complex or complicated.
2) Math.: Reduce an → expression by → algebraic manipulations.

simple + epenthesis -i- + → -fy.

simulacra
  سیمولاکرا   
simulâkrâ

Fr.: simulacres   

Minute images or replicas of objects supposed by ancient atomist philosophers to be shed from any object and used in the explanation of vision. According to Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 BC) and Epicurus (341-270 BC), these replicas or effigies, called eidola, were perpetually peeled off the surfaces of things and caused vision by entering in the eye.

L. translation of eidola by Lucretius (1st Century BC), from L. simulacrum "likeness, image," from simulare "to → simulate."

simulate
  مانندیدن، همانند ساختن   
mânandidan, hamânand sâxtan

Fr.: simuler   

To create a likeness or model of something (a situation, system, or the like).

M.E., from L. simulatus, p.p. of simulare "to imitate," from stem of similis "like;" cognate with Pers. ham "together, with; same, equally, even" (Mid.Pers. ham-, like L. com- and Gk. syn- with neither of which it is cognate. O.Pers./Av. ham-, Skt. sam-; also O.Pers./Av. hama- "one and the same," Skt. sama-, Gk. homos-; originally identical with PIE numeral *sam- "one," from *som-. The Av. ham- appears in various forms: han- (before gutturals, palatals, dentals) and also hem-, hen-).

Mânadidan verb from mânand "resembling, like," variant mânestan "to resemble;" Mid.Pers. mânag "like, resembling;" Av. man- "to resemble;" hamânad sâxtan, from hamânand, from ham-, as above, + mânad + sâxtan "to make, build."

simulation
  مانندش، همانندسازی   
mânandeš, hamânand sâzi

Fr.: simulation   

The construction of a mathematical model to reproduce the characteristics of a phenomenon, system, or process, often using a computer, in order to infer information or solve problems.

Verbal noun of → simulate.

simultaneity
  همزمانی   
hamzamâni (#)

Fr.: simultanéité   

The property of events occurring → simultaneously.

Noun from → simultaneous; → -ity.

simultaneous
  همزمان   
hamzamân (#)

Fr.: simultané   

1) General: Happening, existing, or operating at the same time.
2) In a → space-time diagram, the points that have the same time values. Two events that are simultaneous in one → inertial frame are not, in general, simultaneous in another inertial reference frame moving relative to the first. → relativity of simultaneity. Compare → synchronous.

From L.L. simultaneus, from L. simul "at the same time" + -taneous, abstracted from → spontaneous.

Hamzamân, from ham-, → syn- + zamân, → time.

sine
  سینوس   
sinus (#)

Fr.: sinus   

In trigonometry, the function of an acute angle of a right triangle represented by the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse.

Greek mathematicians were not aware of the advantages of sine and instead used chord. The invention of this function is a great Indian contribution. It seems that Aryabhata (c. AD 500) was the first who coined a term in Skt. for this concept: árdha-jiyā- "half chord," which was later shortened to jiyā- "chord." This Skt. word was subsequently loaned in Ar. and corrupted to jayb (جیب). Later on Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187), who translated Ar. scientific texts in L., took the corrupted Skt. form jayb for Ar. jayb "pocket, bundle, bosom, fold," and translated it to L. sinus "pocket, fold, curve." The Skt. jiyā- "chord, bow-string;" is cognate with Av. jiiā- "bow-string;" Pers. zeh "chord, string;" → zij "astronomical table;" PIE base *gwhi- "thread, tendon" (from which derive also Gk. bios "bow;" L. filum "thread;" Russ. žca "thread").

Sinus loanword from Fr., as above.

sine wave
  موج ِ سینوسی   
mowj-e sinusi (#)

Fr.: onde sinusoïdale   

A periodic oscillation that is defined by the function y = sin x.

sine; → wave.

single
  تک، تکتا   
tak, taktâ

Fr.: seul, isolé   

Only one in number; one only; unique; sole.

M.E., from O.Fr. sengle "being one, separate," from L. singulus "one, individual, separate," from sim- (stem of simplus) + diminutive suffix, → -ule.

Tak"single, alone," related to tâq "odd, single," tâ, tâh "piece, part; fold, plait, ply;" Mid.Pers. tak "single," tâg, tâk, tâi "unit, piece."

single scattering
  پراکنش ِ تک   
parâkaneš-e tak

Fr.: diffusion unique, ~ simple   

A type of scattering where photons are scattered only once. Single scattering dominates in → optically thin media, since photons have a high probability of exiting the medium (e.g., a thin cloud) before being scattered again.

single; → scattering.

single-dish observation
  نپاهش ِ تک-جام   
nepâhešè-e tak-jâm

Fr.: observation avec antenne uinique   

A radio astronomical observation which uses only one antenna, in contrast to interferometric observations.

single; → dish; → observation.

single-lined binary
  دُرین ِ تک-خطه   
dorin-e tak-xatté

Fr.: binaire à une seule raie   

A → spectroscopic binary in which only one set of → spectral lines is detectable. The binary nature of the system is deduced from the fact that the spectral lines exhibit periodic → Doppler shifts due to orbital motions in the system. Same as → SB1 binary. See also: → double-lined binary.

single; → line; → binary.

singlet
  تکتایه   
taktâyé

Fr.: singulet   

A single unit; an unpaired or separate item. → doublet; → octet; → quadruplet.

From → single + -et diminutive suffix, M.E. from O.F. -et (masc.), -ette (fem.).

Taktâyé, literally "single-folded," from tak, → single, + -tâyé, from tâ- "fold, plait, ply; piece, part;" Mid.Pers. tâg "piece, part" + -yé nuance suffix.

singlet state
  حالت ِ تکتایه   
hâlat-e taktâyé

Fr.: état singulet   

In atomic physics, the electronic state of an atom or molecule for which the total → spin angular momentum is zero.

singlet; → state.

singly ionized atom
  اتم ِ یکبار یونیده   
atom-e yekbâr yonidé

Fr.: atome une fois ionisé   

An atom that has lost one electron and has become a positive ion.

single; → ionized; → atom.

singly ionized carbon
  کربون ِ یکبار یونیده   

Fr.: carbone une fois ionié   

A carbon atom → singly ionized by a photon of energy 11.3 eV. The ion C+ emits a → fine-structure line (2P3/22P1/2) at 157.7 μm when excitation conditions are satisfied (critical density ~ 3 x 103 cm-3). In → photodissociation regions, [C II] 157.7 μm is a major cooling line for regions exposed to significant → far ultraviolet (FUV) photon fluxes. In Galactic → H II regions, as well as in the central regions of external galaxies, the luminosity of the [C II] line is typically ~ 0.05-0.5% of the FUV luminosity and correlates well with → carbon monoxide (CO) line intensities.

single; → ionized; → carbon.


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