<< < -es -iv -ti 21- a p abe abs abs acc acc acc act act ada adi ads aes Age Alb Alf ali all alp alt ama amp ana ang ang ann ano ant ant ape apo app app arb are ari art ass ast ast ast Atl ato ato Aug aut Avo azi bac bal ban bar bas bea bel Bet bia Big bin bio bir bla bla blo blu Boh Bon bot Bow bre Bri bro but cal cal Can Cap car cas cat cau cel cen cen cha cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ Cla clo clu CNO coa coe coi col col Col com com com com com com com com com con con con con con con con con con con con coo Cor Cor cor cos cos cos Cou cou cra Cre cro Cru cub cur cyc cyl dar dat Daw de- Deb dec dec def def deg Del den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra dua dus dwa dyn e-f Ear ecl eco edu eig Ein ela ele ele ele Ele elo emi emp ene Enl env epi equ equ erg est Euc eva evo exa exc exe exo exp exp ext ext f m fac fal fas fee Fer fib fie fin Fir fix fle flu foc for for For fou Fra fre Fri ful fuz Gal Gal gal Gam gas Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro gul H-b hal Ham har Hay hea hel hel hem her het Hig hik hol hom hor hot Hub hum hyb hyd hyd hyp hyp ide ign ima imp imp imp inc ind ind ine inf inf inf ini ins ins ins int int int int Int int int int inv ion iri irr iso iso iso Jea Jos jun K-T Kep key kin Kol lad Lam lan lar las lat lea leg len lev lig lik lin lin lin Lis lob loc log loo low lum lun lun Lym Mac Mag mag mag mag mag Mag mak map Mar mas mat mat mea mea med mem mer MES met met MHD mic mid mil min mis mix mod mol mom Moo mos Mu mul mus nab nar nat neb neg nes neu New New nig nod non non non Nor noz nuc nul num OB obl obs Occ oct off Ohm on- ope Opp opt opt orb orb org Ori ort osm out ove ozo pal pap par par par pas pat pec pen per per per per per pH pha pho pho pho phy pie pla Pla Pla pla pla Plo poi pol pol pol pol por pos pot pow pre pre pre Pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro Pro pub pul pyr qua qua qua qua Qui rad rad rad rad rad rad ram ran rat Ré rea rec rec rec red ref ref reg reg rel rel rem rep res res res ret rev rho Rie rim riv rol Ros rot rul S a Sag sam sat sca Sch Sch sco sec sec sec seg sel sem sen set sha Sha sho SI sid sil sim sin sis sky slo sna Soc sol sol sol Sol Som sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste sto sto str str sub sub sub sum sup sup sup sup sur sus sym syn sys tan Tay Tem ten ter The the the the thi thr tic tid tim Tol tor tot tra tra tra tra Tri tri tro tru tur two Typ UHE ult unc uni uni uni upg ura uti val var vec vel ver ver vig vir vis VLT vol wad was wav wav wea wei Whe Wie win WN5 Wol WZ Yag yot zen zir > >>
hyperbolic function karyâ-ye hozluli Fr.: fonction hyperbolique Any of the six functions sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, csch, and sech that are related to the → hyperbola in the same way the → trigonometric functions relate to the → circle. Many of the formulae satisfied by the hyperbolic functions are similar to corresponding formulae for the trigonometric functions, except for + and - signs. For example: cosh2x - sinh2x = 1. See also: → hyperbolic cosine, → hyperbolic sine. Hyperbolic functions were first introduced by the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777). → hyperbolic; → function. |
hyperbolic orbit madâr-e hozluli (#) Fr.: orbite hyperbolique An orbit that is an open curve whose ends get wider apart at any rate between that of an ellipse and a straight line. Some comets' orbits become hyperbolic through the gravitational influence of a planet the comet passes near. → hyperbolic; → orbit. |
hyperbolic sine sinus-e hozluli Fr.: sinus hyperbolique A function, denoted cosh x, defined for all real values of x, by the relation: cosh x = (1/2) (ex - e-x). → hyperbolic; → sine. |
hyperbolic space fazâ-ye hozluli (#) Fr.: espace hyperbolique A three-dimensional space whose geometry resembles that of a saddle-shaped surface and is said to have negative curvature. → hyperbolic; → space. |
hyperboloid hozlulivâr (#) Fr.: hyperboloïde A surface or body obtained by rotating a hyperbola about its axis of symmetry. Hyperboloid, from hyperbol(a) + → -oid a suffix meaning "resembling, like." Hozlulivâr, from hozluli, → hyperbola, + -vâr a suffix of similarity. |
hyperfine abar-nâzok Fr.: hyperfine Extremely fine or thin, especially of a → spectral line split into two or more very thin components. → hyperfine structure; → hyperfine transition. → hyper-, → fine structure. |
hyperfine structure sâxtâr-e abar-nâzok (#) Fr.: structure hyperfine In spectroscopy, the → splitting of a spectral line into a number of very thin components. It results from a small perturbation in the energy levels of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction arising from the interaction of the nuclear → magnetic moment with the → spin of the electron. It can be observed only at high spectral dispersion. → fine structure. |
hyperfine transition gozareš-e abar-nâzok Fr.: transition hyperfine An → atomic transition involving a → hyperfine structure. → hyperfine; → transition. |
hypergalaxy abarkahkašân, hiperkahkašân Fr.: hypergalaxie A system consisting of a dominant → spiral galaxy associated with → dwarf satellite galaxies and intergalactic matter. Examples in the → Local Group are our Galaxy and the → Andromeda galaxy. |
hypergiant star setâre-ye hiperqul Fr.: hypergéante A high luminosity star with absolute visual magnitude around -10, about 106 times as luminous as the Sun. Hypergiant stars are evolved → massive stars belonging to the luminosity class Ia+ or Ia0. Their spectra show very broadened emission and absorption lines resulting from the high luminosity and low surface gravity which favor strong → stellar wind. See also → Humphreys-Davidson limit; → yellow hypergiant. |
Hyperion (Saturn VII) Huperion (#) Fr.: Hypérion The sixteenth of → Saturn's known → natural satellites. It is shaped like a potato with dimensions of 410 x 260 x 220 km and has a bizarre porous, sponge-like appearance. Many of the sponge holes or craters have bright walls, which suggests an abundance of → water → ice. The crater floors are mostly the areas of the lowest → albedo and greatest red coloration. This may be because the average temperature of roughly -180 °C might be close enough to a temperature that would cause → volatiles to → sublimate, leaving the darker materials accumulated on the crater floors. Hyperion is one of the largest bodies in the → Solar System known to be so irregular. Its density is so low that it might house a vast system of caverns inside. Hyperion rotates chaotically and revolves around Saturn at a mean distance of 1,481,100 km. It was discovered by two astronomers independently in 1848, the American William C. Bond (1789-1859) and the British William Lassell (1799-1880). Hyperion, in Gk. mythology was the Titan god of light, one of the sons of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth), and the father of the lights of heaven, Eos the Dawn, Helios the Sun, and Selene the Moon. |
hypermetropia durbini (#) Fr.: hypermétropie A condition of the eye that occurs when light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina; also called farsightedness, hyperopia, long sight (opposed to → myopia). From Gk. hupermetros "beyond measure," from → hyper- + metron "measure;" → meter + -opia a combining form denoting a condition of sight or of the visual organs hemeralopia; myopia. Durbini "farsightedness," from dur "far" (Mid.Pers. dūr "far, distant, remote;" O.Pers. dūra- "far (in time or space)," dūraiy "afar, far away, far and wide;" Av. dūra-, dūirē "far," from dav- "to move away;" cf. Skt. dūrá- "far; distance (in space and time);" PIE base *deu- "to move forward, pass;" cf. Gk. den "for a long time," deros "lasting long") + bin- "to see" (present stem of didan; Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" Skt. veda "I know;" Gk. oida "I know," idein "to see;" L. videre "to see;" PIE base *weid- "to know, to see") + -i noun suffix. |
hypernova hiper-nowaxtar Fr.: hypernova A highly energetic → supernova explosion. This phenomenon, which is more violent than a typical → supernova event, is accompanied by a → gamma-ray burst. |
hyperon hiperon (#) Fr.: hypéron An unstable elementary particles, belonging to the class called → baryons, which have greater mass than the neutron but very short lives (10-8 to 10-10 seconds). From → hyper- + → -on a suffix used in the names of elementary particles (gluon; meson; neutron; graviton, and so on). |
hypersonic hipersedâyi Fr.: hypersonique In aerodynamics, adjective used to describe a → sound speed in excess of Mach 5. See also → supersonic. |
hypervelocity star (HVS) setâre-ye hipertond Fr.: étoile hypervéloce A star whose velocity is so great that it will escape the
→ gravitational potential of our
→ Galaxy. Depending on the location and direction of
motion, this criterion typically corresponds to a stellar velocity in
the Galactic → rest frame larger than
400 km s-1, and up to about 1200 km s-1.
The nature of the HVSs spans a wide range of types from
→ OB stars, to metal-poor
→ F-type stars and G/K dwarfs. While there is evidence from many
late-type B HVSs in the → halo
to originate from the Galactic
→ supermassive black hole (SMBH),
other HVSs seem to originate from the → galactic disk.
HVSs can obtain their large velocities from a number of different processes: |
hypo- upâ- Fr.: hypo- A Gk. prefix denoting "under." Gk. hypo "under" (prep.), "below" (adv.); cognate with L. sub- and O.Pers./Av. upā, as below. Upâ-, from O.Pers. upā (prep.) "under, with;" Av. upā, upa (prep.; prevb) "toward, with, on, in" (upā.gam- "to arrive at," upāpa- "living in the water," upa.naxturušu "bordering on the night"); Mod.Pers. bâ "with," from abâ; cf. Skt. úpa (adv., prevb., prep.) "toward, with, under, on;" cognate with Gk. hypo, as above. |
hypocycloid upâcarxzâd Fr.: hypocycloïde A curve generated by the trace of a fixed point on a small circle that rolls within a larger circle. |
hypotenuse vatar (#) Fr.: hypoténuse In a → right triangle, the side opposite to the right angle. L.L. hypotenusa, from Gk. hypoteinousa "stretching under" (the right angle), from hypoteinein, from → hypo- "under" + teinein "to stretch," → tension. Vatar loan from Ar. |
hypothermia upâgarmâyi Fr.: hypothermie The failure of the body to maintain adequate production of heat under conditions of extreme cold. Hypothermia, from → hypo- + therm, from Gk. therme "heat," from PIE *ghwerm-/*ghworm- "warm;" cf. Pers. garm "warm;" L. fornax "an oven;" O.E. wearm "warm" + -ia a noun suffix. Upâgarmâyi, from upâ-, → hypo-, + garmâ "heat, warmth," from Mid.Pers. garmâg; O.Pers./Av. garəma- "hot, warm;" cf. Skt. gharmah "heat;" Gk. thermos "warm;" L. formus "warm," fornax "oven;" P.Gmc. *warmaz; O.E. wearm; E. warm; O.H.G., Ger. warm; PIE *ghworm-/*ghwerm- "warm" + -yi noun suffix. |
<< < -es -iv -ti 21- a p abe abs abs acc acc acc act act ada adi ads aes Age Alb Alf ali all alp alt ama amp ana ang ang ann ano ant ant ape apo app app arb are ari art ass ast ast ast Atl ato ato Aug aut Avo azi bac bal ban bar bas bea bel Bet bia Big bin bio bir bla bla blo blu Boh Bon bot Bow bre Bri bro but cal cal Can Cap car cas cat cau cel cen cen cha cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ Cla clo clu CNO coa coe coi col col Col com com com com com com com com com con con con con con con con con con con con coo Cor Cor cor cos cos cos Cou cou cra Cre cro Cru cub cur cyc cyl dar dat Daw de- Deb dec dec def def deg Del den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra dua dus dwa dyn e-f Ear ecl eco edu eig Ein ela ele ele ele Ele elo emi emp ene Enl env epi equ equ erg est Euc eva evo exa exc exe exo exp exp ext ext f m fac fal fas fee Fer fib fie fin Fir fix fle flu foc for for For fou Fra fre Fri ful fuz Gal Gal gal Gam gas Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro gul H-b hal Ham har Hay hea hel hel hem her het Hig hik hol hom hor hot Hub hum hyb hyd hyd hyp hyp ide ign ima imp imp imp inc ind ind ine inf inf inf ini ins ins ins int int int int Int int int int inv ion iri irr iso iso iso Jea Jos jun K-T Kep key kin Kol lad Lam lan lar las lat lea leg len lev lig lik lin lin lin Lis lob loc log loo low lum lun lun Lym Mac Mag mag mag mag mag Mag mak map Mar mas mat mat mea mea med mem mer MES met met MHD mic mid mil min mis mix mod mol mom Moo mos Mu mul mus nab nar nat neb neg nes neu New New nig nod non non non Nor noz nuc nul num OB obl obs Occ oct off Ohm on- ope Opp opt opt orb orb org Ori ort osm out ove ozo pal pap par par par pas pat pec pen per per per per per pH pha pho pho pho phy pie pla Pla Pla pla pla Plo poi pol pol pol pol por pos pot pow pre pre pre Pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro Pro pub pul pyr qua qua qua qua Qui rad rad rad rad rad rad ram ran rat Ré rea rec rec rec red ref ref reg reg rel rel rem rep res res res ret rev rho Rie rim riv rol Ros rot rul S a Sag sam sat sca Sch Sch sco sec sec sec seg sel sem sen set sha Sha sho SI sid sil sim sin sis sky slo sna Soc sol sol sol Sol Som sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste sto sto str str sub sub sub sum sup sup sup sup sur sus sym syn sys tan Tay Tem ten ter The the the the thi thr tic tid tim Tol tor tot tra tra tra tra Tri tri tro tru tur two Typ UHE ult unc uni uni uni upg ura uti val var vec vel ver ver vig vir vis VLT vol wad was wav wav wea wei Whe Wie win WN5 Wol WZ Yag yot zen zir > >>